History timeline 1865 flats with banded wooden tanks mounted on top are employed for the first time to transport crude oil from the fields of pennsylvania during the pennsylvanian oil rush 1869 wrought iron tanks with an approximate capacity of 3 500 160 us gal 13 249 160 l 2 914 160 imp 160 gal per replace wooden tanks 1888 tank manufacturers sell units directly to the oil companies with capacities ranging from 6 000 160 us 160 gal 22 712 160 l 4 996 160 imp gal to 10 000 160 us 160 gal 37 854 160 l 8 327 160 imp gal 1903 tank companies develop construction safety standards more than 10 000 tank s are in operation 1915 a classification system is developed by the tank industry to ensure the correct match of product being shipped to type some 50 000 tank s are in use 1920 welding technology replaces riveting in tank construction enhancing the safety of s 1930 140 000 tank s transport some 103 commodities in addition to oil to market 1940s virtually every tank is engaged in oil transport in support of the war effort 1950 pipelines and tanker trucks begin to compete for liquid transport business 1963 the union tank company utlx introduces the whale belly tank usage many variants exist due to the wide variety of liquids and gases that can be transported tank s can be insulated or non insulated pressurized or non pressurized and designed for single or multiple loads non pressurized s have plumbing at the bottom for unloading and may have an access port and a dome housing various valving on the top pressurized s have a pressure plate with all valving and a protective cylindrical housing dome at the top loading and unloading are done through this opening tank s are specialized pieces of equipment with the interior of the is usually lined with a material to isolate the s structure from the contents such as glass loading a liquid into a that is designed to ry something else is unwise and sometimes dangerous even after a thorough cleaning traces of the previous contents may remain potentially contaminating the next load also loading a tank with something it is not designed to ry may actually damage the for example if the contents are corrosive as a result of this specialization tank s have always been one way s other s like box s can easily be reloaded with other goods for the return trip combinations of the two types were attempted such as box s with fluid tanks slung beneath the floors while the could certainly ry a load both directions the limited size of the tanks made this style unsuccessful because of their one way nature tank s are simply dead weight half of the time making them unappealing to major railroads a large percentage of tank s are owned by companies serviced by railroads instead of the railroads themselves this can be verified by examining the reporting marks on the s these marks invariably end in x meaning that the owner is not a common rier within the rail industry tank s are grouped by their interior linings and not by the go ried food service tank s are lined with stainless steel glass or cleanable plastic and they are marked as non pressurized insulated s usually these are small and ry around 10 000 160 us gal 37 854 160 l 8 327 160 imp 160 gal tank s rying dangerous goods are generally made of different types of steel depending on the intended go and operating pressure they may also be lined with rubber or coated with specialized coatings for tank protection or product purity purpose they are insulated usually non pressurized s however very light petrochemicals or jet fuel s will be padded with nitrogen to remove the air in the vapor space these s are larger around 23 000 160 us 160 gal 87 064 160 l 19 152 160 imp gal the ends will be doubled to prevent ruptures during accidents natural gas lpg or ammonia rying s are basically 30 000 160 us gal 113 562 160 l 24 980 160 imp 160 gal alloy steel pressure vessels on steel wheels they have no linings and are double ended the whale belly type is giving way to higher but standard width s all tank s undergo periodic inspection for damage and corrosion pressure relief valves and mounts are inspected at every loading pressurized s are pressure tested regularly to insure the integrity of the tank all tank s operating throughout north america today feature double shelf aar type f couplers that prevent disengaging in event of an accident or derailment this prevents couplers and drawheads from puncturing adjacent tank s insulated s which may also incorporate heating or refrigeration systems are used when the contents must be kept at a certain temperature for example the linde tank depicted below ries liquefied argon s designed for multiple loads have internal bulkheads to separate the contents each compartment must have separate plumbing and its own dome if so equipped the added complexity of multiple load s means that they make up a small percentage of the tank population if two loads must be transported it is often simpler to use two tank s instead of a two load outside of north america they are also known as tank wagons or tanker wagons specialized applications milk s a milk is a specialized type of tank designed to ry raw milk between farms creameries and processing plants milk is now commonly chilled before loading and transported in a glass lined tank such s are often placarded food service use only liquid hydrogen s of this type are designed to carry cryogenic liquid hydrogen lh2 north american cars are classified as dot113 aar204w and aar204xt pickle cars a pickle car was a specialized type of designed to carry pickles this car consisted of several wooden or metal vats typically three or four and was often roofed pickles which are preserved in salt brine were loaded through hatches in the roof tanktainers type of shipping containers mounted on a flatbed railroad car tanktainer left and a open top shipping container with canvas cover right a tanktainer also known as a tank container is a specialized type of container designed to carry bulk liquids as with the liquid hydrogen tanktainer or dangerous goods on standard intermodal equipment the tank is held within a box shaped frame the same size and shape as a container torpedo cars a torpedo car or bottle car is a type of railroad car used in steel mills to haul molten pig iron from the blast furnace to begin the process of primary steelmaking the thermally insulated vessel is mounted on trunnions and designed to endure extremely high temperatures as well as keeping the metal in a molten state over extended periods of time the vessel can be pivoted along its longitudinal axis to empty the pig iron into a furnace such as a basic oxygen furnace or crucible vinegar cars a vinegar car is a specialized type of designed to transport vinegar the largest such car built was built by morrison railway supply corporation in 1968 the car s underframe included all of the modern conveniences of freight car design including roller bearing trucks and cushioning devices built by freightmaster while the tank that rode on it made of douglas fir had a capacity of 17 100 160 us gallons 64 731 160 l 14 239 160 imp 160 gal the car in what has been called the largest wooden ever built took 18 months to build vinegar is now moved in ordinary s lined with glass plastic or alloy steel whale belly cars in the early 1960s the union company utlx introduced a series of whale belly s which offered increased capacity over the standard cars of the day capable of carrying 33 000 160 us 160 gallons 124 919 160 l 27 478 160 imp gal for example csox 31084 to as much as 63 000 160 us 160 gallons 238 481 160 l 52 458 160 imp gal in the case of gatx 96500 which had been conceived as a rolling experiment of sorts the largest ever placed into regular service utlx 83699 was rated at 50 000 160 us 160 gallons 189 271 160 l 41 634 160 imp gal and is now on display at the museum of transportation in st louis missouri first hit the rails in 1963 and remained in service for over twenty years this behemoth is 89 160 feet 27 13 160 m in length and weighs 175 000 160 lb 79 400 160 kg empty the car which rides on four two axle trucks to distribute the additional weight was used to transport such diverse substances as liquefied petroleum gas lpg and anhydrous ammonia representative s a carro cisterna of the eritrean railway ferrovia eritrea or fe date unknown the 2 axle car is 7 000 mm 23 ft long and has a 6 650 kg 14 660 lb load capacity gatx 96500 the largest railroad whale belly type tank car ever built rated at 63 000 gallons capacity texaco inc tcx 723 a single dome tank car designed for transporting gasoline passes through amarillo texas on april 4 1936 a tank car on display at the mid continent railway museum in north freedom wisconsin the narrow domes on these east tennessee and western north carolina railroad mirror the designs of the first all steel units this double dome tank car has two separate interior tanks which allow different products to be transported in the same car tank cars such as canadian national railway 51860 shown passing through qubec in august 1937 were designed to transport industrial gases under high pressure this linde tank car transports refrigerated liquefied gases and is insulated in order to prevent the contents from evaporating during transport borden bfix 520 a restored milk car on display at the illinois railway museum a torpedo car used in steel mills to haul molten metal two double wooden tank vinegar cars owned by the speas co wait for their next assignment in denver colorado circa 1965 see also hydrogen economy vacuum flask tank truck tanker references noaa s office of response and restoration chemical response tool week at a glance vinegar by rail in giant wooden tanks railway age 165 17 p 11 october 28 1968 160 sources herron j april 2002 history of the rail tank car e train the online magazine of the train collectors association http tcaetrain org articles tickets tankcar index html retrieved april 20 2007 160 white jr john h 1993 the american railroad freight car the johns hopkins university press baltimore maryland isbn 0 8018 5236 6 160 external links wikimedia commons has media related to tank railway wagons rail whales modern tank car homepage tank car dictionary milk trains blog for information specific to milk tank cars liquid hydrogen transport by rail v 160 160 d 160 160 e hydrogen infrastructure liquid hydrogen liquid hydrogen tank truck 160 liquid hydrogen trailer 160 hydrail 160 liquid hydrogen tank car 160 liquid hydrogen tanktainer 160 refrigerated transport dewar compressed hydrogen compressed hydrogen tube trailer 160 hydrogen pipeline transport v 160 160 d 160 160 e rail transport freight equipment enclosed equipment autorack 160 boxcar us 160 coil 160 car 160 container 160 covered 160 hopper 160 covered 160 wagon 160 refrigerator 160 car us 160 refrigerated 160 van eu 160 roadrailer 160 stock 160 car 160 tank 160 car open equipment flatcar 160 gondola us 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